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Microplate readers work by taking advantage of the efficient catalytic action of enzymes and the highly specific binding of antibodies to antigens. First, a specific antibody or enzyme-labeled antibody needs to be prepared in the experiment. The sample to be tested is then mixed with these antibodies and incubated under specific conditions. Next, by adding an enzyme substrate, the enzyme reacts with the substrate and produces a detectable signal. This signal can be luminescence, absorbance changes, or chromogenic reactions, depending on the detection method used.
The core component of a multimode microplate reader is a microplate, also known as an ELISA plate. There are multiple wells on this plate, each of which can be loaded with samples and reagents to be tested. During the procedure, samples and reagents are added to different wells, reacted and washed through specific steps and procedures, and finally the results are read using a microplate reader. The microplate reader is able to accurately measure the signal intensity in each well to determine the presence and concentration of the target molecule in the sample to be measured.